Riboflavin-5-Phosphate (activated Vitamin B2)

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in energy metabolism.

It serves as a co-enzyme in the citric acid cycle, promoting ATP (energy) production from carbohydrate metabolism. It also promotes amino acid and fat utilisation. The active forms of riboflavin are synthesised in the mitochondria, forming Riboflavin-5-phosphate. Certain groups of people are unable to adequately convert riboflavin into its active form (e.g. those with genetic single nuclear polymorphisms or "SNPs") so that it becomes essential to take vitamin B2 in its activated form.

Riboflavin absorption is decreased in cases of liver and gallbladder disease.

Riboflavin in its active form is required for the production of several neurotransmitters and thus is required for healthy functioning of the brain and nervous system.

It is necessary for the conversion of folate and B6 into their active forms. It also increases absorption of iron and a deficiency may lead to a state of anaemia, where there are immature red blood cells.

Iron metabolism is impaired in riboflavin deficiency. The release of iron reserves from the intracellular protein ferritin is dependent on the presence of riboflavin. Riboflavin is also required for haemoglobin synthesis.

Riboflavin is necessary for the production of glutathione - an amino acid which, in its reduced form, protects the lens of the eye from oxidative damage (a cause of cataracts).

Riboflavin contributes to the protection of cells from oxidative stress, specifically providing protection of DNA, proteins and lipids.

It also contributes to the maintenance of normal skin and mucous membranes.